399 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
399 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
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---
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title: WCS简述
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date: 2020-03-29
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author: ac
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tags:
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- WCS
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categories:
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- GIS
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---
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## 1. Coverages
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在介绍`Web Coverage Service`之前，我们先了解一下`Coverages`。
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`Coverages`表示位于空间/时间上的同构值集合，例如时空传感器、图像、模拟和统计数据。比如一维的时间序列、二维图像、三维(x,y,t)图像时间序列和(x,y,z)地球物理体元模型，以及4D的(x,y,z,t)气候和海洋数据。
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`Coverages`可以以任何合适的格式编码(如`GML`、`JSON`、`GeoTIFF`或`Net-CDF`)，并且可以进行分区。它可以由单个文档(流或文件)或一组分层组织的文档表示，每个文档都可以单独编码，例如，`domain set`、`range type`和`metadata` 可以编码成易于解析的`GML`、`JSON`、或`RDF`，而`range set`是用一些紧凑的二进制格式编码的，如`NetCDF`或`JPEG2000`。这样的分区允许在空间、时间或混合中平铺覆盖，从而支持镶嵌、时间交错覆盖和有效的可子集数据集。
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> `OGC`的Coverage Implementation Schema（`CIS`）通过建立一个具体的、可互操作的、符合性可测试的覆盖结构来指定`OGC coverage model`
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下图是`AbstractCoverage`接口的类图：
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<img src="./images/abstractCoverageStructure.png" alt="abstractCoverageStructure" style="zoom: 33%;" />
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- `coverageFunction`：描述如何获得`Coverage`位置的范围值
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- `envelope`：`Coverage` 的 bounding box
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- `DomainSet`：coverage 切确的位置，描述边界（envelope）。通过一个轴的有序列表来定义，这些轴的上界和下界建立了每个轴的范围
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- `rangeSet`：coverage 实际范围值，每一个都与`domain set`中定义的一个直接位置相关联。
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- `rangeType`：coverage 结构的描述和技术元数据，是一个`SWE Common`规范中的`DataRecord`，另外还可以添加一个插补指令。
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- `metadata`：特定的元数据，允许单独的扩展
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`Coverages`独立于服务定义，因此可以通过各种`OGC`服务类型进行访问，例如`WCS`。
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## 2. WCS(Web Coverage Service)
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`OGC` 网络覆盖服务 (`WCS`) 支持将地理空间数据作为`Coverage`进行电子检索，为如何请求地理空间图像的栅格源提供了一个标准接口。
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## 3. WCS的核心操作
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`WCS`可以执行以下操作:
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| **Operation** | **Description** |
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| ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------- |
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| `GetCapabilities` | 检索服务器数据的列表，以及有效的`WCS`操作和参数 |
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| `DescribeCoverage` | 检索完整描述请求覆盖范围的XML文档。 |
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| `GetCoverage` | 返回特定格式的Coverage |
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### 3.1 GetCapabilities
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参数列表：
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| name | description |
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| ----------------------- | --------------------- |
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| service=wcs | 服务名称，固定为"wcs" |
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| version | 版本 |
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| request=GetCapabilities | 操作 |
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KVP形式：
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`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/ows?service=wcs&version=1.0.0&request=GetCapabilities`
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XML形式：
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`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/wcs`
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```xml
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<GetCapabilities
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service="WCS"
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version="1.0.0"
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xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/wcs"
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xmlns:nurc="http://www.nurc.nato.int"
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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
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xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wcs http://schemas.opengis.net/wcs/1.0.0/wcsCapabilities.xsd"/>
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```
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响应示例：
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响应结果包含服务`description`服务描述、`Capability`服务能力、`ContentMetadata`服务器中提供的栅格数据信息（栅格图层）。
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```xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<wcs:WCS_Capabilities version="1.0.0" xmlns:wcs="http://www.opengis.net/wcs" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ogc="http://www.opengis.net/ogc" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows/1.1" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wcs http://localhost:8080/geoserver/schemas/wcs/1.0.0/wcsCapabilities.xsd" updateSequence="367">
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<wcs:Service>
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<wcs:metadataLink about="http://geoserver.sourceforge.net/html/index.php" xlink:type="simple" metadataType="other"/>
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<wcs:description>This server implements the WCS specification 1.0 and 1.1.1, it's reference implementation of WCS 1.1.1. All layers published by this service are available on WMS also.
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</wcs:description>
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<wcs:name>WCS</wcs:name>
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<wcs:label>Web Coverage Service</wcs:label>
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<wcs:keywords>
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<wcs:keyword>WCS</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>WMS</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>GEOSERVER</wcs:keyword>
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</wcs:keywords>
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<wcs:responsibleParty>
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...
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</wcs:responsibleParty>
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<wcs:fees>NONE</wcs:fees>
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<wcs:accessConstraints>NONE</wcs:accessConstraints>
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</wcs:Service>
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<wcs:Capability>
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<wcs:Request>
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<wcs:GetCapabilities>
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...
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</wcs:GetCapabilities>
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<wcs:DescribeCoverage>
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...
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</wcs:DescribeCoverage>
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<wcs:GetCoverage>
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...
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</wcs:GetCoverage>
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</wcs:Request>
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<wcs:Exception>
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<wcs:Format>application/vnd.ogc.se_xml</wcs:Format>
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</wcs:Exception>
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</wcs:Capability>
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<wcs:ContentMetadata>
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<wcs:CoverageOfferingBrief>
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<wcs:description>Generated from arcGridSample</wcs:description>
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<wcs:name>nurc:Arc_Sample</wcs:name>
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<wcs:label>A sample ArcGrid file</wcs:label>
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<wcs:lonLatEnvelope srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84">
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<gml:pos>-180.0 -90.0</gml:pos>
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<gml:pos>180.0 90.0</gml:pos>
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</wcs:lonLatEnvelope>
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<wcs:keywords>
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<wcs:keyword>WCS</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>arcGridSample</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>arcGridSample_Coverage</wcs:keyword>
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</wcs:keywords>
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</wcs:CoverageOfferingBrief>
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...
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</wcs:ContentMetadata>
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</wcs:WCS_Capabilities>
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```
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### 3.2 DescribeCoverage
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获取地图服务器中某个`coverage`描述。
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参数列表：
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| name | description | data type | m/o |
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| ---------- | -------------- | ------------------------------ | ---- |
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| service | 服务类型 | String，固定为"WCS" | m |
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| version | 版本 | String | m |
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| extension | 辅助信息 | Extension | o |
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| coverageId | coverage的标识 | NCName，(工作空间+图层名) | m |
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| request | 操作类型 | String，固定为DescribeCoverage | m |
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> 服务类型要大写"WCS"
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KVP形式：
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`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/ows?service=WCS&request=describecoverage&coverageid=Pk50095&version=1.0.0`
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`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/ows?service=WCS&request=describecoverage&identifiers=Pk50095&version=1.1.0`
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XML形式：
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`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/wcs`
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```xml
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<DescribeCoverage
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version="1.0.0"
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service="WCS"
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xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/wcs"
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xmlns:nurc="http://www.nurc.nato.int"
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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
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xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wcs http://schemas.opengis.net/wcs/1.0.0/describeCoverage.xsd">
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<Coverage>nurc:Pk50095</Coverage>
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</DescribeCoverage>
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```
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响应结果示例：
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```xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<wcs:CoverageDescription xmlns:wcs="http://www.opengis.net/wcs" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ogc="http://www.opengis.net/ogc" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows/1.1" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wcs http://localhost:8080/geoserver/schemas/wcs/1.0.0/describeCoverage.xsd" version="1.0.0">
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<wcs:CoverageOffering>
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<wcs:description>Generated from img_sample2</wcs:description>
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<wcs:name>nurc:Pk50095</wcs:name>
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<wcs:label>Pk50095</wcs:label>
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<wcs:lonLatEnvelope srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84">
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<gml:pos>12.999446822650462 46.722110379286</gml:pos>
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<gml:pos>13.308182612644663 46.91359611878293</gml:pos>
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</wcs:lonLatEnvelope>
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<wcs:keywords>
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<wcs:keyword>WCS</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>img_sample2</wcs:keyword>
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<wcs:keyword>Pk50095</wcs:keyword>
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</wcs:keywords>
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<wcs:domainSet>
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<wcs:spatialDomain>
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<gml:Envelope srsName="EPSG:32633">
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<gml:pos>347649.93086859107 5176214.082539256</gml:pos>
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<gml:pos>370725.976428591 5196961.352859256</gml:pos>
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</gml:Envelope>
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<gml:RectifiedGrid dimension="2" srsName="EPSG:32633">
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<gml:limits>
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<gml:GridEnvelope>
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<gml:low>0 0</gml:low>
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<gml:high>544 489</gml:high>
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</gml:GridEnvelope>
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</gml:limits>
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<gml:axisName>E</gml:axisName>
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<gml:axisName>N</gml:axisName>
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<gml:origin>
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<gml:pos>347671.1015525911 5196940.182175256</gml:pos>
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</gml:origin>
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<gml:offsetVector>42.34136799999989 0.0</gml:offsetVector>
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<gml:offsetVector>0.0 -42.34136800000026</gml:offsetVector>
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</gml:RectifiedGrid>
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</wcs:spatialDomain>
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</wcs:domainSet>
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<wcs:rangeSet>
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<wcs:RangeSet>
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<wcs:name>Pk50095</wcs:name>
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<wcs:label>Pk50095</wcs:label>
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<wcs:axisDescription>
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<wcs:AxisDescription>
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<wcs:name>Band</wcs:name>
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<wcs:label>Band</wcs:label>
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<wcs:values>
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<wcs:interval>
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<wcs:min>1</wcs:min>
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<wcs:max>3</wcs:max>
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</wcs:interval>
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</wcs:values>
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</wcs:AxisDescription>
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</wcs:axisDescription>
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</wcs:RangeSet>
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</wcs:rangeSet>
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<wcs:supportedCRSs>
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<wcs:requestResponseCRSs>EPSG:32633</wcs:requestResponseCRSs>
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</wcs:supportedCRSs>
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<wcs:supportedFormats nativeFormat="WorldImage">
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<wcs:formats>ARCGRID</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>GeoTIFF</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>GIF</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>IMAGEMOSAIC</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>JPEG</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>PNG</wcs:formats>
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<wcs:formats>TIFF</wcs:formats>
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</wcs:supportedFormats>
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<wcs:supportedInterpolations default="nearest neighbor">
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<wcs:interpolationMethod>nearest neighbor</wcs:interpolationMethod>
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<wcs:interpolationMethod>bilinear</wcs:interpolationMethod>
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<wcs:interpolationMethod>bicubic</wcs:interpolationMethod>
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<wcs:interpolationMethod>bicubic_2</wcs:interpolationMethod>
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</wcs:supportedInterpolations>
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</wcs:CoverageOffering>
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</wcs:CoverageDescription>
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```
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> 这里的\<gml:axisName>标签为下面`getCoverage`请求中维度`dimension`参数的可选值。
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### 3.3 GetCoverage
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`GetCoverage`请求`WCS`服务处理特定coverage，并返回空间数据。它可以检索覆盖率的子集，结果可以是覆盖率本身或对它的引用。
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`GetCoverage`请求最强大的功能是它子集域(高度和时间)和范围的能力。它还可以进行重采样，以不同的数据格式编码，并以不同的方式返回结果文件。
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<img src="./images/image-20210702165344490.png" alt="image-20210702165344490" style="zoom: 50%;" />
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请求参数列表：
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| name | description | data type | m/o |
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| --------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------------- | ---- |
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| service | 服务类型 | String，固定为"WCS" | m |
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| version | | String | m |
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| extension | | Any | o |
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| coverageId | coverage标识 | NCName | m |
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| format | 返回格式 | anyURI | o |
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| mediaType | 如果存在，强制多部分编码 | anyURI，固定为“multipart/related” | o |
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| dimensionSubset | | DimensionSubset | o |
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> `dimensionSubset`：从服务器获取数据时修剪或切片维度
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format参数应该是`describecoverage`操作返回结果中`<wcs:supportedFormats>`标签下的类型，默认是`coverage`原来的格式；
|
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`dimensionSubset`由一组`coverage`的`dimension`设置的子集规则（`subseting specifications`）组成。
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<div style='text-align:center'>DimensionSubset structure</div>
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| name | definition | data type | Multiplicity |
|
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|
|
| --------- | --------------------------------------- | --------- | -------------- |
|
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| dimension | Name of dimension along which to subset | NCName | one(mandatory) |
|
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|
|
> 一个`GetCoverage`请求中最多包含一个`subsetibt`操作，且每个`dimension`维度最多包含一个针对`coverage`的的`subsetting`操作。常见的`dimension`有：
|
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>
|
|||
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> - 地理坐标的经纬度（dimension=Long,dimension=Lat）
|
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> - 投影坐标的XY轴（dimension=E,dimension=N）
|
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根据`dimensionSubset`是裁剪还是分割操作，其对应了两个子类:
|
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|
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|
- `DimensionTrim`
|
|||
|
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- `DimensionSlice`
|
|||
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|||
|
|
#### 3.3.1 `DimensionTrim`
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
`DimensionTrim`有`trimLow`和`trimHigh`两个属性，用来指定某个维度`dimension`下的裁剪区间，但不能超过`coverage`原始数据的` gml:Envelope`范围。比如`coverage`在x轴下的最大值为H，最小值为L，则有L<=`trimLow`<=`trimHigh`<=H。
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
示例：
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```xml
|
|||
|
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:GetCoverage service="WCS" version="2.0.1"
|
|||
|
|
xmlns:wcs="http://www.opengis.net/wcs/2.0"
|
|||
|
|
xmlns:crs="http://www.opengis.net/spec/WCS_service-extension_crs/1.0"
|
|||
|
|
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
|
|||
|
|
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wcs/2.0 http://schemas.opengis.net/wcs/2.0/wcsAll.xsd">
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:CoverageId>nurc__mosaic</wcs:CoverageId>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:DimensionTrim>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:Dimension>Long</wcs:Dimension>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:TrimLow>8</wcs:TrimLow>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:TrimHigh>10</wcs:TrimHigh>
|
|||
|
|
</wcs:DimensionTrim>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:DimensionTrim>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:Dimension>Lat</wcs:Dimension>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:TrimLow>38.5</wcs:TrimLow>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:TrimHigh>43.5</wcs:TrimHigh>
|
|||
|
|
</wcs:DimensionTrim>
|
|||
|
|
<wcs:Extension>
|
|||
|
|
<crs:subsettingCrs>
|
|||
|
|
http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326
|
|||
|
|
</crs:subsettingCrs>
|
|||
|
|
</wcs:Extension>
|
|||
|
|
</wcs:GetCoverage>
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div style="text-align:center">
|
|||
|
|
<img src="./images/image-20210705110436978.png"/>
|
|||
|
|
<img src="./images/image-20210705110546049.png" alt="image-20210705110546049" style="zoom:33%;" />
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### 3.3.2 `DimensionSlice`
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
`Dimension`有一个`slicePoint`属性，用来指定某个`dimension`维度分割的位置点，但不能超过`coverage`中`gml:Envelope`的范围。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
这里没有找到相关操作示例。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### 3.3.3 服务扩展
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
**Range Subsetting Extension**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
该扩展定义了从WCS服务器提供的`coverage`中检索选定的`range`组件.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
选择是基于`coverage`中定义的`range type`，其中由可识别的组件（\<swe:DataRecord>）给出。在某些域中，这些`range`组件定义的`range type`称为“通道”、“波段”或“变量”。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<img src="./images/image-20210706110821141.png" alt="image-20210706110821141" style="zoom: 67%;" />
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
> **RangeSubset**: Used to select a subset of coverage fields to the dataset.
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
> **Subset**: Trim or slice a dimension when fetching data from the server
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
示例：
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
以GeoServer自带的`nurc:mosaic`图层为示例数据，我们可以在`编辑图层`中看到`Coverage`波段详情：
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
1. 选择`RED_BAND`波段的子集，即导出的`coverage`为`RED_BAND`单一波段的tiff文件
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
`http://localhost:8080/geoserver/wcs?SERVICE=WCS&REQUEST=GetCoverage&VERSION=2.0.1&CoverageId=nurc__mosaic&RANGESUBSET=RED_BAND`
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div style="text-align:center">
|
|||
|
|
<img src="./images/image-20210706135913057.png" alt="image-20210705110546049" style="zoom:33%;" />
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## 参考文章
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[1] OGC Coverage Implementation Schema http://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/09-146r8/09-146r8.html
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[2] Web Coverage Service https://www.ogc.org/standards/wcs
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[3] WCS reference https://docs.geoserver.org/latest/en/user/services/wcs/reference.html
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[4] OGC® Web Coverage Service Interface Standard -Range Subsetting Extension https://portal.ogc.org/files/12-040
|